Offensive Foul

The offensive foul is primarily a charge: an attacker, with or without the ball, runs into a defender who had established legal position (both feet planted, stationary, outside the restricted area under the rim).

Consequences: loss of possession for the offense, plus a personal foul charged. Unlike most fouls, offensive fouls don't put the opponent at the free throw line.

There are also moving screens: if a screener moves at the moment of contact to catch a defender, that's an offensive foul. Similarly, extending an elbow beyond what's reasonable while shooting can be called.

Drawing a charge has become a defensive art. Players like Kyle Lowry or Anderson Varejao specialized in it. The NBA restricted-area arc (within about 4 feet of the rim) protects drivers from charges called on defenders standing too close to the hoop.